Irredentism and Minorities in the Interwar Period

Why did the Minorities Treaties fail to solve the minorities question? To what extent did they merely intensify hatreds and mistrust? Although well intentioned, the Minorities Treaties ultimately failed to solve the minorities question because they underestimated the sheer complexity of the demographics in Central and Eastern Europe. In addition, the enforcement mechanisms of the …

Ottoman Entry Into WWI

I’ve begun my next course, this one on World War I. Only five discussion posts in this class, but a longer research agenda is coming soon. ==== Of the countries participating in World War I, perhaps no country was undergoing quite as extensive a shift in national identity at the time as the Ottoman Empire. …

The Dissolution of Yugoslavia

In 1989, Yugoslavia was a federation of six republics: Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Slovenia, and Montenegro. Today, the process of Yugoslavia’s breakup is still not complete. Although all six former constituent republics are now independent sovereign states, it was not without serious conflict that Yugoslavia was broken up. In addition, a seventh republic, Kosovo, has …

On Modernization

Introductory note: I have perhaps never written so many five-paragraph essays in my life… === Felipe Armesto-Fernandez is quite open in the textbook in stating that the term modernization is “strictly speaking, meaningless”[1] because its definition can change according to place and especially time. However, with regard to the nineteenth century, it can at least …

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